How sustainable is globalisation?
نویسنده
چکیده
In 1957, at a high point in the Cold War, the Russians launched the fi rst satellite – the Sputnik. The fact that the Russians had got into space fi rst came as a great shock to the Americans, who responded with a crash investment programme in the training of scientists and technologists. Jahoda calculated that if this increase in human resource investment had been sustained over the decades, by 1992 there would be two scientists for every man, woman and dog in America (Jahoda 1973). The fi rst decade of the twenty-fi rst century feels a little like 1957. To many it appears as if the momentum of globalisation is unstoppable. But a moment’s refl ection suggests that a more cautionary attitude is in order. For one thing, the spread of globalisation is uneven. It is true that there has been an accelerating removal of barriers to trade (especially in manufactures) and the cross-border fl ow of capital and that this has been associated with a deepening in the breadth and intensity of economic integration. However, many barriers to cross-border integration persist, not least in controls over the fl ow of people, especially those with little education and skills. There is also little sign of the withering away of the nation state, although its functions and purview are nevertheless in a state of fl ux (Weiss 2002). For another thing, the idea that globalisation is unstoppable fails to take on board the experience of history. The last decades of the nineteenth century represented a similar phase of rapidly deepening global integration which also seemed unstoppable to many. Yet it came to an end in an abrupt and brutal form, with the loss of many millions of lives, and it was only half a century later that we entered a new phase of global integration (Kaplinsky 2005). In this chapter we will address four factors which caution against the triumphalism of the contemporary globalisation agenda. In each case, these
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تاریخ انتشار 2009